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How Many Male Babies Are Circumcised in the Us Compared to Other Countries

Written By Sunday, March 13, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Overview of international circumcision rates

Map of countries based on circumcision prevalence, based on a 2007 World Health Organization report

 >80% prevalence

 20–eighty% prevalence

 <20% prevalence

 N/A

The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised. Today, circumcision is predominately performed as a safety health intervention, religious obligation, or cultural do. As of 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision is estimated to be around 38%; major medical organizations such as the World Health Organization and UNAIDS accept promoted a higher rate of circumcision in countries as a prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS and STD manual.[1]

Rates vary widely, from over 90% in State of israel and many Muslim-majority countries, 86.3% in South korea, to 80% in the The states, to 58% in Australia, to 45% in Southward Africa, to 20.seven% in the Great britain, to nether 1% in Japan and Honduras.[2] [3] [4] [five] [6] [7] [eight] [9] [10] In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was estimated to be around 38%, with notable increases of circumcision prevalence seen in the Usa, the Center East; and Africa; major medical organizations have promoted a college charge per unit of circumcision in Africa equally a preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2020, the Globe Health Organization reiterated that it is an efficacious safe intervention in if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions in areas of high HIV/AIDS prevalence.[1] [9] [eleven] [12] [13] [14] [xv]

Fifty-fifty though mainstream Christian denominations does not crave male circumcision,[xvi] male circumcision is commonly practiced in many predominantly Christian countries and among many Christian communities.[17] [18] [19] [20] Circumcision is nearly universal among the members of the Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches.[21] The prevalence of circumcision is approximately 50-fifty in the United States[22] due to back up from the state'south medical community as a safety health intervention confronting disease.[fourteen] The continent of Africa, similarly, has widely adopted the practice as a preventive mensurate against the spread of HIV. While it has overwhelming prevalence in the Muslim globe and in Israel due to the religious beliefs of most Muslims and Jews; however, some non-Muslim groups living within Muslim-bulk countries, such as Armenians and Assyrians, do not practice information technology.[23] It is prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries in southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia; however, the WHO states that there is "little non-religious circumcision in Asia, with the exceptions of the Republic of korea and the Philippines".[6] In parts of Africa it is frequently practiced as role of tribal community from Christians, Muslims and Animists. In contrast, rates are much lower in most of Europe, parts of southern Africa, most of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Primal America, the Caribbean and Mexico.[24] Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the Great britain are examples of countries that have seen a turn down in male circumcision in recent decades, while there take been indications of increasing demand in southern Africa, partly for preventive reasons due to the HIV epidemic there.[11]

Africa [edit]

Studies suggest that well-nigh 62% of African males are circumcised. However, the rate varies widely betwixt different regions, and amid indigenous and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practising it for religious reasons, central Africans as part of tribal rituals or local custom, (with some practising female genital mutilation as well) and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the Due south recently adopting the practice due to measures past the World Health System to prevent AIDS.[25] Williams, B.G. et al. commented that: "Most of the currently available data on the prevalence of [male person circumcision] are several decades old, while several of the recent studies were carried out as adjuncts to demographic and health surveys and were not designed to determine the prevalence of male circumcision."[26]

Less than twenty% [edit]

Republic of botswana, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.[eight] [28]

Between 20% and fourscore% [edit]

Angola, Republic of burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of chad, Congo (Rep), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.[8] [28]

S Africa [edit]

It is estimated that 48.vii% of males are circumcised in South Africa.[8] One national study reported that 54.2% of black Africans were circumcised, with 32.1% of those traditionally circumcised and 13.four% circumcised for medical reasons.[29]

More than than eighty% [edit]

Republic of benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo (Dem Rep), Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Republic of equatorial guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Republic of guinea, Republic of guinea-bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo.[eight] [28]

Americas [edit]

Less than 20% [edit]

Less than 20% of the population are circumcised in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Republic of chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Republic of peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9% in Colombia, and 7.iv% in Brazil (thirteen% in Rio de Janeiro), with almost of those being done due to medical problems later in life.[30]

The prevalence of circumcision in United mexican states is estimated to exist 10% to 31%.[31]

Betwixt 20% and 80% [edit]

Canada [edit]

Rate of neonatal circumcision by province according to information from the Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) in 2006–2007.[32]

Circumcision in Canada followed the design of other English speaking countries, with the practice being adopted during the 1900s, to prevent masturbation and other perceived issues of the time, only with the charge per unit of circumcision declining in the latter part of the 20th century, particularly after a new policy position was released in 1975.[33] The Canadian Paediatric Society estimated that, in 1970, 48 percentage of males were circumcised.[34] Even so, studies conducted in 1977–1978 revealed a wide variation in the incidence of circumcision between unlike provinces and territories. For example, Yukon reported a rate of 74.8 pct, while Newfoundland reported an incidence of 1.nine to 2.4 per centum.[35] The charge per unit continued to drib, with the newborn circumcision rate in Ontario in 1994–95 dropping to 29.ix%.[36]

A survey of Canadian maternity practices conducted in 2006/2007, and published in 2009 by the national public health agency, found a newborn circumcision rate of 31.9%.[32] Rates varied markedly across the country, from close to aught in Newfoundland and Labrador to 44.iii% in Alberta. In 2015, the Canadian Paediatric Society used those statistics in determining the national circumcision rate information technology currently quotes.[32] [37]

Percent of mothers reporting having their male babe circumcised, by province and territory, Canada, 2006/2007
Newfoundland and Labrador *
Prince Edward Island 39.two
Nova Scotia 6.8
New Brunswick 18.0
Quebec 12.3
Ontario 43.7
Manitoba 31.half dozen
Saskatchewan 35.6
Alberta 44.3
British Columbia 30.2
Yukon *
Northwest Territories 9.7
Nunavut *
Canada 31.ix
* Numerator too small-scale for rate adding
Source:  Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey[32]

The data in this table are now xv-years-old. The long term trend in Canada is toward less circumcision. The data may no longer be accurate.

Over 80% [edit]

U.s.a. [edit]

As of 2014, an estimated lxxx.five% of American men are circumcised, and the prevalence of the procedure is considered to be near-universal in the country.[9] [38] In reaction to a 2012 statement past the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and a 2014 statement by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the incidence and prevalence of the procedure is believed to increased growing.[14] The CDC has calculated the present charge per unit of circumcision in the Us to be 81%; Morris et al. found a somewhat lower present incidence of 77% in 2010. During the 2000s, the prevalence of circumcision in men aged 14–59 differed past race: 91 percent of non-Hispanic white men, 76 percent of blackness men, and 44 percent of Hispanic men were circumcised, according to data in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.[9]

Medicaid funding for infant circumcision used to be available in every state, but starting with California in 1982, xviii states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, N Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington) had eliminated Medicaid coverage of routine circumcision by July 2011.[39] One study in the Midwest of the U.Due south. found that this had no effect on the newborn circumcision rate but it did bear upon the need for circumcision at a after time.[xl] Another study, published in early 2009, found a departure in the neonatal male person circumcision charge per unit of 24% betwixt states with and without Medicaid coverage. The written report was controlled for other factors such as the percentage of Hispanic patients.[41] Other studies accept shown that the rising of immigrants from East Asia, Southeast Asian, Due south Asia and Hispanic South American countries are a big cistron in why the rates go along to drib in the US.[42]

The Centers For Illness Control and Prevention (CDC) uses 2 data sources to track circumcision rates. The first is the National Health and Nutrition Exam Survey (NHANES), which records circumcisions performed at any time at whatever location. The second is the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), which does not record circumcisions performed exterior the hospital setting or those performed at any historic period following discharge from the birth hospitalization.[43] Methodologically flawed calculations throughout the 2000s and 2010s showed the rate as significantly plummeting, only these statistics are about universally believed to exist artificially low by researchers due to an increasing trend of performing neonatal circumcisions outside of hospitals, a trend not reflected in the information.[44]

Circumcision was the second-most common procedure performed on patients under one year of age, after routine inoculations and prophylactic vaccinations.[45] There are diverse explanations for why the baby circumcision rate in the United States is dissimilar from comparable countries. Many parents' decisions most circumcision are preconceived, which may contribute to the high charge per unit of elective circumcision.[46] Dark-brown & Brown (1987) reported the virtually correlated cistron is whether the father is circumcised.[47] Jacobson et al. (2021), citing the KIDS database, reported that the incidence of newborn circumcision was 52.1 per centum in 2016.[48]

Asia [edit]

Less than twenty% [edit]

Bhutan, Burma, China, Kingdom of cambodia, Hong Kong,[49] Bharat, Japan, Lao people's democratic republic, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Kingdom of cambodia is reported to be 3.five%.[30]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Red china is reported to be xiv%.[8]

Between twenty% and eighty% [edit]

Republic of indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, and Due south Korea.[50]

South korea [edit]

Circumcision is largely a modern-twenty-four hour period phenomenon in South korea. While during the twentieth century the rate of circumcision increased to around lxxx%, virtually no circumcision was performed prior to 1945, as it was against Korea'south long and potent tradition of preserving the torso equally a souvenir from parents.[fifty] [ better source needed ] A 2001 study of 20-year-erstwhile South Korean men found that 78% were circumcised.[51] At the time, the authors commented that "Republic of korea has possibly the largest accented number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. Because circumcision started through contact with the American armed services during the Korean War, Due south Korea has an unusual history of circumcision." According to a 2002 study, 86.3% of Due south Korean males aged 14–29 were circumcised.[three] In 2012, it'due south the case of 75.eight% of the same age group. Only after 1999 has some data confronting circumcision become available (at the time of the 2012 written report, merely iii% of Korean internet sites, using the almost popular Korean search engine Naver, were confronting indiscriminate circumcision and 97% were for).[50] The authors of the report speculate "that the very existence of information about the history of Korean circumcision, its contrary nature relative to a longstanding tradition, its introduction by the Us military machine, etc., has been extremely influential on the decision-making process regarding circumcision."[fifty]

More than 80% [edit]

Afghanistan, Republic of azerbaijan, Bangladesh,[eight] Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Republic of iraq, Israel,[52] Pakistan,[8] Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, the Philippines,[30] Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates and Republic of yemen.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision (tuli) in the Philippines is reported to be 92.v%. Virtually circumcisions in the Philippines are performed between the ages of 11 to 13.[53] [54]

Europe [edit]

Less than 20% [edit]

Armenia, Austria, Republic of belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Commonwealth, Cyprus, Kingdom of denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Deutschland,[55] Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Republic of lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Holland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,[27] and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.[56]

A national survey on sexual attitudes in 2000 found that 15.8% of men or boys in the United Kingdom (ages 16–44) were circumcised by their parents' choosing. 11.7% of 16- to 19-year-olds, and 19.half dozen% of 40- to 44-year-olds said they had been circumcised. Autonomously from blackness Caribbeans, men born overseas were more likely to be circumcised.[56] Rickwood et al. reported that the proportion of English language boys circumcised for medical reasons had fallen from 35% in the early 1930s to 6.v% by the mid-1980s. Every bit of 2000[update] an estimated iii.8% of male person children in the UK were being circumcised for medical reasons by the age of 15.[57] The researchers stated that also many boys, especially under the age of v, were even so being circumcised considering of a misdiagnosis of phimosis. They chosen for a target to reduce the pct to 2%.

In Finland, the overall prevalence of circumcision is two–4%, according to a recent publication by the Finnish Health Ministry.[58]

In Germany, the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents institute in 2007 that x.nine% of boys aged 0–17 had been circumcised.[55]

In France, according to a telephone survey (TNS Sofres Institute, 2008), xiv% of men are circumcised.[59]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Spain is reported to be six.6%.[8]

In 1986, 511 out of approximately 478,000 Danish boys aged 0–14 years were circumcised. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of around i.6% past the age of 15 years.[60]

In Slovenia, a 1999-2001 national probability sample of the general population aged 18–49 years found that overall, four.5% of Slovenian male citizens reported being circumcised. Prevalence strongly varied across religious groups, with 92.4% of Muslims being circumcised, 1.seven% of Roman Catholics, 0% of other religious affiliations (Evangelic, Serbian Orthodox, other), and 7.1% of those with no religious amalgamation.[61]

Between 20% and fourscore% [edit]

Circumcision rate by region in Republic of albania for males anile xv-49, 2017-2018.

Republic of albania, Kosovo, North Republic of macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[27]

In Albania during the years 2008–09 the percentage of men historic period 15–49 who reported having been circumcised was 47.7%.[62] In the years 2017–18 the circumcision rate in Republic of albania had declined to 36.8%.In Bosnia-Herzegovina the circumision rate is 58.vii% by 2018.[63]

Over 80% [edit]

Turkey, 98.6%.[eight]

Unknown [edit]

Andorra, Croatia and Luxembourg are listed as unknown on the WHO prevalence map. Liechtenstein, Republic of malta, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are unclear from the map.[27]

Oceania [edit]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Circumcision reached its peak in Commonwealth of australia in the 1950s with a charge per unit of more than than lxxx%, but has steadily fallen to an estimated 26% in 2012. The charge per unit of circumcision has dropped quickly over the years. It is estimated that roughly 80 per centum of males 35 and under are uncircumcised. Circumcision rates have declined drastically in recent years as immature fathers are starting to have children of their own and leaving them uncircumcised.[64]

The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males anile 16–64 that uses a nationally representative population sample.[65] In 2005 the interview found that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58%. Circumcision status was more common with males over thirty than males nether thirty, and more common with males who were born in Australia. 66% of males built-in in Australia were circumcised and less than 1/3 of males under thirty were circumcised.[2] There has been a refuse in the rate of infant circumcision in Australia.[6] [66] The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) estimated in 2010 that x to 20 percent of newborn boys are being circumcised,[67] just the prevalence of male person circumcision is much higher due to the presence of older circumcised males remaining in the population.[68] Medicare Australia records prove the number of males younger than six months that underwent circumcision dropped from nineteen,663 in 2007/08 to 6309 (4%) in 2016/17.[69]

New Zealand [edit]

According to the Earth Health Organisation, fewer than xx% of males are circumcised in New Zealand in 2007.[6] In New Zealand routine circumcision for which at that place is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital system.[70] In a written report of men born in 1972–1973 in Dunedin, 40.ii% were circumcised.[71] In a study of men born in 1977 in Christchurch, 26.1% were circumcised.[72] A 1991 survey conducted in Waikato found that 7% of male infants were circumcised.[73]

Pacific Islands [edit]

Circumcision for cultural reasons is routine in Pacific Isle countries.[70]

Encounter also [edit]

  • Male circumcision
  • Genital modification
  • Prevalence of female person genital mutilation
  • Circumcision and law

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Preventing HIV through safety voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations". world wide web.who.int . Retrieved 3 October 2021.
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  3. ^ a b Pang MG, Kim DS (January 2002). "Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in Republic of korea: history and underlying causes". BJU International. 89 (1): 48–54. doi:x.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02545.x. PMID 11849160.
  4. ^ Introcaso, Camille Due east.; Xu, Fujie; Kilmarx, Peter H.; Zaidi, Akbar; Markowitz, Lauri E. (July 2013). "Prevalence of Circumcision Among Men and Boys Anile 14 to 59 Years in the United States, National Wellness and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2010". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. forty (seven): 521–525. doi:x.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d. PMID 23965763. S2CID 31883301.
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  17. ^ Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. ISBN9780812292510. Christian theology mostly interprets male circumcision to exist an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (particularly the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, merely not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced amidst Christians
  18. ^ Hunting, Katherine (2012). Essential Instance Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 23-24. ISBN9781449648756. Neonatal circumcision is the full general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims.
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  20. ^ R. Peteet, John (2017). Spirituality and Organized religion Within the Civilisation of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice. Oxford University Printing. p. 97-101. ISBN9780190272432. male circumcision is yet observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.
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